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【速報!2019年センター試験英語 問題&解説】第4問①

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問題

問4


Art may reflect the ways people lived. Researchers have discussed how art portrays clothing and social settings. One study was conducted to determine if this idea could be extended to paintings featuring family meals. The results of this study might help illustrate why certain kinds of foods were painted.

The researchers examined 140 paintings of family meals painted from the years 1500 to 2000. These came from five countries: the United States, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. The researchers examined each painting for the presence of 91 foods, with absence coded as 0 and presence coded as 1. For example, when one or more onions appeared in a painting, the researchers coded it as 1. Then they calculated the percentage of the paintings from these countries that included each food.

   Table 1 shows the percentage of paintings with selected foods. The researchers discussed several findings. First, some paintings from these counties included foods the researchers had expected. Shellfish were most common in the Netherlands' (Dutch) paintings, which was anticipated as nearly half of its border touches the sea. Second, some paintings did not include foods the researchers had expected. Shellfish and fish each appeared in less than 12 % of the paintings from the United States, France, and Italy although large portions of these countries border oceans or sea. Chicken, a common food, seldom appeared in the paintings. Third, some paintings included foods the researches had not expected. for example, among German paintings, 20 %of them included shellfish although only 6 % of the country touches the sea. Also, lemons were most common in paintings from the Netherlands, even though they do not grow there naturally.

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   Comparing these results with previous research, the researchers concluded that food art does not necessarily portray actual life. The researchers offered some explanations for this. One explanation is that artists painted some foods to express their interest in the larger world. Another is that painters wanted to show thier technique by painting more challenging foods. For example, the complexity of a lemon's surface and interior might explain its popularity, especially among Dutch artist. As other interpretations are possible, it is necessary to examine the paintings from different perspectives. These are the period in which the paintings were completed and the cultural associations of foods. both issues will be taken up in the following section.

 

問1
For the category "Apples" in this research, a painting with two whole apples and one apple cut in half would be labeled as (   33   )

① 0
② 1
③ 2
④ 3

 

問2
According to Table 1, the paintings from ( 34 )

①France included apples at a lower percentage than the German ones.
②France included cheese at a higher percentage than the Dutch ones.
③Italy included bread at a lower percentage than the American ones.
④Italy included onions at a higher percentage than the German ones.

 

問3
According to the passage and Table 1, (  35  )

① chicken frequently appeared in the American paintings because people there often ate chicken.
② fish appeared in less than one tenth of the Italian paintings though much of I Italy lies next to seas.
③ lemons appeared in more than half of the Dutch paintings as they are native to the Netherlands
④shellfish appeared in half of the paintings from each of the five countries

 

問4

According to the passage, foods in these paintings can (  36  ).

① demonstrate the painters' knowledge of history
② display the painters' desire to stay in their countries.
③ indicate the painters' artistic skills and abilities
④ reflect the painters' love of their local foods

 

解答

33:②
34:④
35:②
36:③

 

解説


Art may reflect the ways people lived.
芸術は人々の暮らしを反映しているかもしれない。

Researchers have discussed how art portrays clothing and social settings.
研究者たちは、芸術がいかに衣服や社会背景を描いているかをこれまで議論してきた。

One study was conducted to determine if this idea could be extended to paintings featuring family meals
この考えが、家族の食事を描いた絵画にまで当てはまるのかどうかを確かめるために、ある研究が、行われた 。

The results of this study might help illustrate why certain kinds of foods were painted.
この研究の結果は、ある特定の食べ物が描かれている理由を説明するのに役立つかもしれない。

The researchers examined 140 paintings of family meals painted from the years 1500 to 2000.
研究者たちは、1500年から2000年までに描かれた、家族の食事の絵画140点調査し

These came from five countries: the United States, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.
絵画は、アメリカ、フランス、ドイツ、イタリア、オランダの5か国から集めた。

The researchers examined each painting for the presence of 91 foods, with absence coded as 0 and presence coded as 1.
研究者たちは、91品の食べ物が描かれているかを、ひとつひとつの絵画で調べた。描かれていないものには0、描かれているものには1というコードを使って。

For example, when one or more onions appeared in a painting, the researchers coded it as 1.
例えば、玉ねぎが1つ、またはそれ以上絵画に描かれているときには1というコードを使う。
→玉ねぎが1つでも5つでも、玉ねぎが描かれていればコードは1、描かれていなければコードは0

Then they calculated the percentage of the paintings from these countries that included each food.
研究者たちは、5か国の、それぞれの食品を含んだ絵画のパーセンテージを計算した。

Table 1 shows the percentage of paintings with selected foods.
表1は、ある食品を描いた絵画のパーセンテージを示している。

The researchers discussed several findings.
研究者たちは、いくつかの発見について議論した。

First, some paintings from these counties included foods the researchers had expected.
まずは、これらの国のいくつかの絵画は、研究者が予測していた食べ物が描かれていた。

Shellfish were most common in the Netherlands' (Dutch) paintings, which was anticipated as nearly half of its border touches the sea.
貝類は、予測された通り、オランダの絵画で最も多く見られた、なぜなら、オランダの半分以上の国境が海に接しているから。

Second, some paintings did not include foods the researchers had expected.
2つ目に、研究者たちが予測していた食べ物を描いていない絵画もあった。

Shellfish and fish each appeared in less than 12 % of the paintings from the United States, France, and Italy although large portions of these countries border oceans or sea.
アメリカ、フランス、イタリアは国境の多くが海に接しているにも関わらず、絵画に貝類と魚類が描かれていたのはたった12%以下だった。

Chicken, a common food, seldom appeared in the paintings.
一般的な食品、鶏肉が絵画にほとんど描かれていなかった。

Third, some paintings included foods the researches had not expected.
3つ目に、研究者たちが予測していない食品を描いた絵画もあった。

For example, among German paintings, 20 %of them included shellfish although only 6 % of the country touches the sea.
例えば、ドイツの絵画は、20%も貝類を描いていた、ドイツはたった6%しか海に接していないのに。

Also, lemons were most common in paintings from the Netherlands, even though they do not grow there naturally.
また、オランダの絵画では、レモンが一番多く描かれていた、レモンはオランダでは自然には育たないのに。

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   Comparing these results with previous research, the researchers concluded that food art does not necessarily portray actual life.
これらの結果と、以前の研究を比較して、研究者たちは、食品を描いた芸術は、実際の生活を描いているわけではないと結論づけた。

The researchers offered some explanations for this.
研究者たちは、それに対する説明をいくつか提示した。

One explanation is that artists painted some foods to express their interest in the larger world.
一つの説明は、芸術家はより大きな世界への興味を示すために、ある食品を描いたということである。
Another is that painters wanted to show their technique by painting more challenging foods.
もう一つの説明は、芸術家たちは、もっと描くのが難しい食品を描くことで、自身の技術を示したかったということである。

For example, the complexity of a lemon's surface and interior might explain its popularity, especially among Dutch artist.
例えば、特にオランダの芸術家の間では、レモンの表面と中身の複雑さは、その人気を表していたのかもしれない。

As other interpretations are possible, it is necessary to examine the paintings from different perspectives.
他の解釈も可能であるので、違った見方で絵画を調査することが必要である。

These are the period in which the paintings were completed and the cultural associations of foods.
その違った見方とは、絵画が完成した年代と、食品の文化的関連である。

Both issues will be taken up in the following section.
両方の問題(年代と文化的関連)については、次の節で扱う。

 

問1
For the category "Apples" in this research, a painting with two whole apples and one apple cut in half would be labeled as (   33   )
この研究における「リンゴ」というカテゴリーで、2つの丸ごとリンゴと、半分に切った1つのリンゴは( 33 )と分類される。
☝で説明した通り、数は関係なく、その食品が絵画に描かれていたら1、描かれていなければ0といコードを付けたので、リンゴは何個であろうとも、描かれていれば1.

① 0
② 1
③ 2
④ 3

 

問2
According to Table 1, the paintings from ( 34 )

France included apples at a lower percentage than the German ones.
フランスは、ドイツよりもリンゴのパーセンテージが低かった。
表の赤い〇を見ると、逆なので不正解
France included cheese at a higher percentage than the Dutch ones.
フランスはオランダよりもチーズのパーセンテージが高かった。
表の青い〇を見ると、逆なので不正解
Italy included bread at a lower percentage than the American ones.
イタリアは、アメリカよりもパンのパーセンテージが低かった。
表の黄色い〇を見ると、逆なので不正解
Italy included onions at a higher percentage than the German ones.
イタリアはドイツよりも玉ねぎのパーセンテージが高かった。
表の紫の〇を見ると、その通りなので、これが正解

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問3
According to the passage and Table 1, (  35  )

① chicken frequently appeared in the American paintings because people there often ate chicken.
「鶏肉はアメリカの絵画で頻繁に描かれていた、なぜなら、人々はよく鶏肉を食べたから。」
"Chicken, a common food, seldom appeared in the paintings. "
一般的な食品、鶏肉が絵画にほとんど描かれていなかった。とあるので不正解
② fish appeared in less than one tenth of the Italian paintings though much of I Italy lies next to seas.
「魚は、イタリアの10分の1(10%)以下の絵画でしか描かれていなかった、ほとんどのイタリア国土は海に接しているのに」
表を見てみると、イタリアのfishの欄は4.0%となっている。10%以下なので、正解
③ lemons appeared in more than half of the Dutch paintings as they are native to the Netherlands
「オランダの絵画の半分以上にレモンが描かれている、オランダの特有の植物だから」
Also, lemons were most common in paintings from the Netherlands, even though they do not grow there naturally.
また、オランダの絵画では、レモンが一番多く描かれていた、レモンはオランダでは自然には育たないのに。とあるので不正解。
④shellfish appeared in half of the paintings from each of the five countries
「貝類は5か国全ての絵画で半分以上に描かれている。」
表を見てみましょう。半分(50%)以上はオランダのみですので不正解。

 

問4

According to the passage, foods in these paintings can (  36  ).
「本文によると、これらの絵画に描かれた食品は( 36 ) 」

① demonstrate the painters' knowledge of history
「画家の歴史知識を示している」
歴史なんて述べられていないので不正解
② display the painters' desire to stay in their countries.
「画家の母国に残りたいという希望を表している」
そんなことは述べられていないので不正解
③ indicate the painters' artistic skills and abilities
「画家の芸術的技術や能力を示している」
Another is that painters wanted to show their technique by painting more challenging foods.
もう一つの説明は、芸術家たちは、もっと難しい食品を描くことで、自身の技術を示したかったということである。
とあるのでこれが正解。
④ reflect the painters' love of their local foods
「画家の地元の食品への愛を示している」
そんなことは述べられていないので不正解